مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال یکم شماره 4 (زمستان 1388)

Foreign trade is an important topic in the economy of each country. There are many discussions whether the poor in developing countries take advantages of trade benefits as one of the openness dimensions. This empirical study examines this issue in Iran using Johansen Co integration test and vector error correction (VECM) test. Computing was made using Eviews software. Data required for this study were collected in the form of time series and from the central bank, Statistical Center of Iran Customs Administration, Institute of Agricultural Economics and other related organizations. The data are related to the period 1386-1363. Results of econometrics model estimate for Iran economic data show that there is a positive relationship between trade and poverty. Thus, increased trade during this period increased poverty. In other words, trade has worsened poor's living condition. Also, the review of other economic sectors, effect on poverty led to this result that the impact of agriculture on poverty is more than the other sectors. Also, the impact of this sector on poverty is almost four times in comparison to trade sector. Therefore, the results imply the importance of trade reforms combination with agricultural reforms along with sound social support policies.

With adoption of Iran as an observer member of world trade organization, production of crops with comparative advantage will be avoidable. This study is an effort to measure the comparative advantage of Golestan province in producing industrial crops including cotton, soybean and rapeseed by using Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) method.Golestan province is one of the important regions in producing mentioned crops. According to results Golestan province has comparative advantage in producing rained cotton and irrigated rapeseed but does not have it in producing irrigated soybean and acts in even-break point in producing rained soybean, rapeseed and irrigated cotton. Also results of sensitivity analysis showed that comparative advantage of Golestan province in producing rained cotton and irrigated soybean is not sustainable, therefore little decline in yield and world prices can remove this advantage from agricultural economics of province. Moreover sensitivity of comparative advantage of irrigated soybean production is low. This means that getting to comparative advantage in this crop production requires remarkable increase in their yield or world prices.

This survey illustrates approaches of fluctuation of agricultural prices, price gaps between domestic and world producer price. Present finding identify and introduce sources of fluctuation of beef & veal, Poultry contain great importance. Fluctuations of them were calculated during (2001-2007). The method is based on Decomposition method developed by Liefert which uses the domestic producer prices and world prices from exchange rate and import tariff rate. The most important consequences apply in beef & veal market for (2001-2003); (2005-2007) changes in tariff rate had the most contribution in volatility price gap. Although during (2003-2005) world prices had played this role. In poultry market world prices for (2001-2006) and tariff rate for (2003-2004) and (2006-2007) had dramatically occurred. Also an important factor that effects on price gap is about incomplete transmission of changes in trade prices of domestic producer prices and world prices, where the incomplete transmission is mainly caused not by policy but rather by undeveloped market infrastructure. In the end, it should be mentioned that the most important sources in price volatilities is about world prices and tariff rates that the country has the acceptance of world price. But, it can have effect on changes in tariff rate, and there should appear main strategy which it will be caused by avoidance of daily life strategies in tariff and looking ahead to price rate systematizing. Also, long run ambition in strategies should be noticed.

In this paper total factor of productivity growth in corn production was estimated for 7 years period (2000-2007) by using data envelopment analysis. Dividing Malmquist index to effects including technical efficiency changes and technological efficiency changes (pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency) and showed Malmquist index changes, its reasons and subsequently justified total factor productivity variation, increase or decrease. Required data have been collected from statistical sources of Agricultural Ministry. Results indicated that average total factor productivity growth for corn production of Iran during the specified period is negative (4.5%). It changes in different provinces, as highest value belonged to Fars province whit 18.5% per year and was negative for provinces of Khuzestan, Qazvin, Kerman and Kermanshah. Comparison of each effect shares in order to describing total productivity changes showed the highest value of technical efficiency changes. According to significant differences between productivity growths in various provinces, for each improvement planning of corn productivity, should consider local conditions and avoid using one program for all of country.

Maize production accounts for the agricultural economic pivot of Fars province and any fluctuation in its production is expected to influence the household welfare. The chemical inputs are highly important in increment of agricultural products and especially in maize production increment. Regarding the necessity of optimal use of the inputs in production, in order to decrease farmers production costs as well as to saving the subsidies, this study attempts to analysis the welfare impacts of fertilizer subsidy elimination in maize production in Fars province (as the maize pivot). To get the objective of study cross section data set obtained throughout the Fras province selected farmers in 1387-88 were applied. Then profit, inputs demand and production functions were estimated and some analysis was developed. The results showed that fertilizer subsidy elimination results in increase in production cost and lower profit about 24.88 and 15.55 respectively since the fertilizer demand is inelastic with respect to its price changes. This means that price polices are not able to develop a solution to optimize the input use and complementary and compensatory polices are needed.

Efficiency survey of agricultural productivity is important and effective factor for increasing producer’s production and yield without extra costs. In this paper, technical, economic, allocative and scale efficiencies is estimated for Canola producer in Sari. It also has been estimated optimal amount of inputs for achieve to maximum efficiency. This article was on the base of Data Envelopment Analysis method and data for these analyses is collected by 161 questioners in 1387-88. The results indicated that mean of technical, allocative, economic and scale efficiency was 80/7, 58, 46/5, and 13/77 respectively. Maximum of undesirable use of inputs is related to pesticides with inefficiency 49/39 percent. Minimum of it are related to seed and machinery. According to the results, by using programs that increase agricultural allocative efficiency such as expending terms to learn how must be used these inputs and government support can be increased production and decreased costs without changing technology level and amount of inputs usage.

The present paper investigates the link between tariff rates and consumer prices for poultry and veal using pass-through panel data model. For that purpose we use consumer price, world price, and domestic producer price tariff trade costs data for 12 provinces of 15 data points 1371-85 for poultry and for 10 provinces of 19 data points 1369-87 for veal. The pass-through panel data model estimation results show that increasing the poultry tariff rate from 4% to 90%, consumption price of this product with increase 11.39% and with increasing the beef tariff rate from 4% to 90%, consumption price of this product with increase 27.37%.

Fishes have special situation among food products. Fars province has actual and potential talents from the viewpoint of aquatic breeding among the other provinces in Iran. Since the Price Transmission has been important in the literature of agricultural economics and how the Price Transmission in farm- retail level has been related to efficiency of marketing system and also it has affected consumer and producer welfare. In this paper has been studied the Price Transmission of trout with estimating an Error Correction Model during 1385-1387 in Fars province. Weekly data is used. The results indicate that Price Transmission is Asymmetry in short-run and Increasing in farm price has more effected on retail price changes.